TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras (AP) 鈥 For decades, preventing dengue fever in Honduras has meant teaching people to fear mosquitoes and avoid their bites. Now, Hondurans are being educated about a potentially more effective way to control the disease 鈥 and it goes against everything they鈥檝e learned.
Which explains why a dozen people cheered last month as Tegucigalpa resident Hector Enriquez held a glass jar filled with mosquitoes above his head, and then freed the buzzing insects into the air. Enriquez, a 52-year-old mason, had volunteered to help publicize a plan to suppress dengue by .
The mosquitoes Enriquez unleashed in his El Manchen neighborhood 鈥 an area rife with dengue 鈥 were bred by scientists to carry bacteria called Wolbachia that interrupt transmission of the disease. When these mosquitoes reproduce, they pass the bacteria to their offspring, reducing future outbreaks.
This emerging strategy for battling dengue was pioneered over the last decade by the nonprofit World Mosquito Program, and it is being tested in more than a dozen countries. With more than half the world鈥檚 population at risk of contracting dengue, the World Health Organization is paying close attention to the mosquito releases in Honduras, and elsewhere, and it is poised to promote the strategy globally.
In Honduras, where 10,000 people are known to be sickened by dengue each year, Doctors Without Borders is partnering with the mosquito program over the next six months to release close to 9 million mosquitoes carrying the Wolbachia bacteria.
鈥淭here is a desperate need for new approaches,鈥 said Scott O鈥橬eill, founder of the mosquito program.
Scientists have made great strides in recent decades in reducing the threat of infectious diseases. But dengue is the exception: Its rate of infection keeps going up.
that around 400 million people across some 130 countries are infected each year with dengue. Mortality rates from dengue are low 鈥 an estimated 40,000 people die each year from it 鈥 but outbreaks can overwhelm health systems and force many people to miss work or school.
鈥淲hen you come down with a case of dengue fever, it鈥檚 often akin to getting the worst case of influenza you can imagine,鈥 said Conor McMeniman, a mosquito researcher at Johns Hopkins University.
Traditional methods of preventing mosquito-borne illnesses haven鈥檛 been nearly as effective against dengue.
The Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that most commonly spread dengue have been resistant to insecticides, which have fleeting results even in the best-case scenario. And because dengue virus comes in four different forms, it is harder to control through vaccines.
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are also a challenging foe because they are most active during the day 鈥 meaning that鈥檚 when they bite 鈥 so bed nets aren鈥檛 much help against them. Because these mosquitoes thrive in warm and wet environments, and in dense cities, climate change and urbanization are expected to .
The Wolbachia bacteria exist naturally in about 60% of insect species, just not in the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
鈥淲e worked for years on this,鈥 said O鈥橬eill, 61, who with help from his students in Australia eventually figured out how to transfer the bacteria from fruit flies into Aedes aegypti mosquito embryos by using microscopic glass needles.
Since female mosquitoes pass Wolbachia to their offspring, they will eventually 鈥渞eplace鈥 a local mosquito population with one that carries the virus-blocking bacteria.
Since 2011, the World Mosquito Program has run trials affecting 11 million people across 14 countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Fiji and Vietnam.
The results are promising. In 2019, a large-scale field trial in Indonesia showed a after Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes were released.
Still, questions remain about whether the replacement strategy will be effective 鈥 and cost effective 鈥 on a global scale. The three-year Tegucigalpa trial will cost $900,000, or roughly $10 per person that Doctors Without Borders expects it to protect.
Scientists aren鈥檛 yet sure how Wolbachia actually blocks viral transmission. And it isn鈥檛 clear whether the bacteria will work equally well against all strains of the virus, or if some strains might become resistant over time, said Bobby Reiner, a mosquito researcher at the University of Washington.
Many of the world鈥檚 mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia were hatched in a warehouse in Medell铆n, Colombia, where the World Mosquito Program runs a factory that breeds 30 million of them per week.
The factory imports dried mosquito eggs from different parts of the world to ensure the specially bred mosquitoes it eventually releases will have similar qualities to local populations, including resistance to insecticides, said Edgard Boqu铆n, one of the Honduras project leaders working for Doctors Without Borders.
The dried eggs are placed in water with powdered food. Once they hatch, they are allowed to breed with the 鈥渕other colony鈥 鈥 a lineage that carries Wolbachia and is made up of more females than males.
Once workers confirm that the new mosquitoes carry Wolbachia, their eggs are dried and filled into pill-like capsules to be sent off to release sites.
The Doctors Without Borders team in Honduras recently went door-to-door in a hilly neighborhood of Tegucigalpa to enlist residents鈥 help in incubating mosquito eggs bred in the Medellin factory.
At half a dozen houses, they received permission to hang from tree branches glass jars containing water and a mosquito egg-filled capsule. After about 10 days, the mosquitoes would hatch and fly off.
That same day, a dozen young workers from Doctors Without Borders fanned out across Northern Tegucigalpa on motorcycles carrying jars of the already hatched dengue-fighting mosquitoes and, at designated sites, released thousands of them into the breeze.
Lourdes Betancourt, 63, a volunteer with the Doctors Without Borders team, encourages her neighbors to let the 鈥済ood mosquitoes鈥 grow in their yards.
鈥淭hey are going to bite you, but you won鈥檛 get dengue,鈥 she said.
___
Burakoff reported from New York City. AP journalist Marko 脕lvarez contributed to this story from Medell铆n, Colombia.
___
The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
